Juniperus oxycedrus
The Juniperus group oxycedrus consists of needle-leaved junipers with red cones found across the Mediterranean Basin (South Europe and North Africa), including the Macaronesian islands. This group includes the following taxa:
- J. oxycedrus spp. oxycedrus, common in shrublands of the western Mediterranean Basin (e.g., coastal mountains of the eastern of Iberia)
- J. oxycedrus spp. badia, in shrublands and woodlands of Iberia (mainly in the central and western part) and Northern Africa
- J. macrocarpa, on sandy coastal ecosystems around the Mediterranean Basin
- J. cedrus, J. maderensis in Canary Is. and Madeira Is. (Macaronesian needle-leaved junipers)
A recent study using phylogenomics [1] suggests that:
- There are different taxa within what we call J. oxycedrus ssp. macrocarpa, probably there is an Eastern Mediterranean clade and a Western Mediterranean clade. This require further research.
- J. oxycedrus spp. oxycedrus and J. oxycedrus ssp. badia are not sister taxa; badia diverged from oxycedrus about 7 Ma (Fig. 1). Morphologically they are quite similar, with a tendency for badia to have larger leaves and cones.
- J. maderensis and J. cedrus are within the clade of J. oxycedrus and thus are better-considered subspecies (Fig. 1). If considered as species, then the other taxa should also be considered at the species level (J. oxycedrus, J. badia; as proposed in [1]).
- Macaronesian junipers are closer to badia than to the other taxa; they diverged from badia ca. 5.6 Ma

References
[1] Gutiérrez-Larruscain D, Vargas P, Fernández-Mazuecos M, Pausas JG. 2024. Phylogenomic analysis reveals the evolutionary history of Paleartic needle-leaved junipers. Mol. Phylogen. Evol. 199:108162 [doi | pdf]