Conservation of Earth’s biological diversity will be achieved only by recognition of the critical role of fire in shaping ecosystems.
Article:
Kelly LT, Giljohann KM, Duane A, Aquilué N, Archibald S, Batllori E, Bennett AF, Buckland ST, Canelles Q, Clarke MF, Fortin M-J, Hermoso V, Herrando S, Keane RE, Lake FK, McCarthy MA, Ordóñez AM, Parr CL, Pausas JG, Penman TD, Regos A, Rumpff L, Santos JL, Smith AL, Syphard AD, Tingley MW, Brotons L. 2020. Fire and biodiversity in the Anthropocene. Science 370 (6519): eabb0355. [doi | science | pdf | suppl.]
What is the difference between the top and bottom pine cones in this photo? This is a question I often ask to my new students in the first field trip; in this case, Beniardà fire, 2020 [link]
These cones are from Pinus halepensis and were collected after a wildfire in Beniardà (Alicante, E Spain; burned in Aug 2020).
Many of you reply correctly; here is the full answer:
Top cones: before the fire, they were open on on the tree, i.e., without seeds. Fire burn them, and so they are all black
Bottom cones (see also the picture below): before the fire they were closed (serotinous cones), and fire opened them facilitating seed dispersal. Note that they are unburned inside. These cones contribute to the postfire regeneration of the pine.
Serotinous cones in Pinus halepensis: before (left) and after a fire (right)
References
Lamont BB, Pausas JG, He T, Witkowski, ETF, Hanley ME. 2020. Fire as a selective agent for both serotiny and nonserotiny over space and time. Critical Reviews Plant Sci 39:140-172. [doi | pdf | suppl.]
Castellanos MC, González-Martínez S. & Pausas JG. 2015. Field heritability of a plant adaptation to fire in heterogeneous landscapes. Mol Ecol 24: 5633-5642. [doi | pdf | suppl.]
Hernández-Serrano A, Verdú M, González-Martínez SC, Pausas JG. 2013. Fire structures pine serotiny at different scales. Am J Bot 100: 2349-2356. [doi | amjbot | pdf | supp.]
Hernández-Serrano A, Verdú M, Santos-Del-Blanco L, Climent J, González-Martínez SC & Pausas JG. 2014. Heritability and quantitative genetic divergence of serotiny, a fire-persistence plant trait. Ann Bot 114: 571-577. [doi | pdf | suppl.]
Cork oak (Quercus suber) typically grows in relatively wet mediterranean environments [1]. However there are some cork oaks in arid climate; perhaps the population in the driest site is the small and isolated cork oak patch in Rambla de Talón (ca. 100 m asl, Ribera de Molina, Molina de Segura, Murcia, Spain; Fig. 1). It includes less than 100 individuals scattered in an area of sandy conglomerates (Fig. 3); the average rainfall is less than 300 mm. They are believed to have been planted in the past (when?), but their persistence in such arid conditions gives them a high added value. This population is much smaller and is located in a much drier conditions than the one in Pinet (Valencia) we mentioned some time ago [2,3].
Figure 1. Distribution of Cork oak (Quercus suber) in the Iberian Peninsula. Light grey is the species distribution; dark grey is the data from forest inventories; crosses are small isolated populations. In red is the population of Murcia. Map from [1].
Precipitation during the last spring was above average, and currently (end of October 2020) most oaks in Rambla de Talón look healthy and have some acorns. Of the 26 tree we look at, the number of acorns ranged from 0 (7 trees) to more than 400 acorns (2 trees), but most trees have less than 10 acorns (Fig. 2; median= 5 acorns). In addition, there is no evidence of recruitment from previous years. That is, if persistence of this population is desired, it would require some help for their regeneration. Given that they produce some acorns, restoration actions using local acorns is possible.
Fig. 2 Acorn production (October 2020) in 26 cork oak trees from Rambla de Talón, Ribera de Molina, Murcia.
Fig. 3. Views of the cork oak population in Rambla de Talón, Ribera de Molina, Murcia. Click the image to enlarge it.
References [1] Aronson J, Pereira JS, Pausas JG (eds). 2009. Cork Oak Woodlands on the Edge: conservation, adaptive management, and restoration. Island Press, Washington DC. 315 pp. [The book]
[2] Pausas JG, Ribeiro E, Dias SG, Pons J & Beseler C. 2006. Regeneration of a marginal Cork oak (Quercus suber) forest in the eastern Iberian Peninsula. J. Veget. Sci. 17: 729-738. [pdf | doi | wiley ]
